Sentinel-3

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# Sentinel-3
## Monitoring Earth for a Sustainable Future
### Muhan Yang
### CASA, UCL

### 18/01/2024 (updated: 2023-02-18)

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## Overview

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- **Copernicus Programme's linchpin for environmental monitoring.**
  - Delivering vital data on oceans, land, ice, and atmosphere (ESA, 2016).
- **Twin satellites, Sentinel-3A & 3B, ensure unmatched Earth coverage.**
  - Orbiting for global insights since 2016 and 2018.
- **Equipped with OLCI, SLSTR, and SRAL for diverse observations.**
  - Essential for tracking climate dynamics and ecosystem health.
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<img src="img/Sentinel-3_pillars.jpg" width="2560" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

Sentinel-3  (Source: [ESA](https://www.esa.int/Space_in_Member_States/Spain/Sentinel-3_Vision_panoramica_para_Copernico))
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## Introduction to Sentinel-3 Mission

- **Background Needs**
  - Europe urgently requires independent EO capability for safety and climate response, addressed by the GMES initiative of EC and ESA.

<img src="img/1-s2.0-S0034425712000685-gr1.jpg" width="40%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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Sentinel-3 data products for GMES Services (Source: Donlon et al., 2012)
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- **Sentinel-3 Mission Overview**
  - Developed under GMES for continuity with ENVISAT, Sentinel-3 offers EO satellite systems, mission management, and real-time data. It aims to deliver reliable, validated GMES data products, including necessary uncertainty estimates (Donlon et al., 2012).
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## Key Sensors and Their Functions

<table>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Instrument </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Functionality </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Applications </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> OLCI </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> High-res color imagery in 21 bands (400-1020 nm). </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Ocean health, vegetation analysis, water pollution monitoring. </td>
  </tr>
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   <td style="text-align:left;"> SLSTR </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Surface temperature in 9 bands (550-12000 nm). </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Global warming tracking, extreme weather, and disaster impact assessment. </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> SRAL </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Precise altitude with Ku and C band signals. </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sea-level rise, ice thickness, glacier dynamics. </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

- **Support Systems**:

- **MWR**: Wet-tropospheric correction.
  - **Precise Orbit Determination**: GPS, DORIS, laser retro-reflector.
  - **Ground Segment**: Mission management and real-time data delivery.
  
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## Contributions and Future of Sentinel-3🛰

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## Application Cases: Maritime Monitoring
Sentinel-3 satellites are key to ocean conservation, providing essential data on sea temperatures, marine ecosystems, and pollutants. This information is critical for:

- **Ocean Dynamics**: They track sea surface temperatures and heights to study currents and climate effects, essential for weather forecasting (Mulero-Martinez et al. 2022) and climate analysis.
  
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- **Marine Life**: Analyzing ocean color, they identify phytoplankton and assess ecosystem health <a name=cite-Ogashawara2019></a>([Ogashawara, 2019](#bib-Ogashawara2019)), aiding fisheries management and biodiversity protection.
  
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- **Pollution**: Equipped to spot oil spills and pollutants, they bolster disaster response and pollution control, protecting marine and coastal environments.
  
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## Application Cases: Land monitoring
Sentinel-3 significantly impacts land management, aiding in agriculture, forestry, and urban planning through its comprehensive land observations. It offers crucial insights into:

- **Vegetation Health and Land Cover**: Essential for evaluating vegetation condition, agricultural practices, and land cover changes, supporting food security and resource management.
  
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- **Surface Temperature and Fire Detection**: Measures land temperature, vital for water management and early wildfire detection, enhancing disaster response and risk reduction.
  
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- **Water Bodies Monitoring**: Provides detailed views of aquatic systems, aiding in water quality and hydrology studies (Moro et al. 2022), crucial for resource management and ecosystem support.

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## Reflection: Jason-3 VS Sentinel-3a
Jason-3 and Sentinel-3a lead in ocean monitoring, crucial for global sea level analysis, differing in design and scope.

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- **Jason-3**: Focuses on precise sea surface height measurements, advancing the TOPEX/Poseidon legacy with detailed sea level data.

- **Sentinel-3a**: ESA's Copernicus asset, Sentinel-3a broadens the scope with sea surface height, temperature, ocean color, and more, enhancing environmental monitoring.
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<img src="img/21-mission-current-jason3.height-700.png" width="1943" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
    
    
    
Jason-3 (Source: [NASA](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/jason-3))
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**Distinction**: The main distinction between the two lies in Sentinel-3a's orbit and measurement approaches, enabling it to **cover more of the Earth and collect a variety of environmental data**. This capability enriches its monitoring tasks but may influence its **precision in tracking long-term sea level changes** compared to Jason-3 <a name=cite-Zawadzki2016></a>([Zawadzki and Ablain, 2016](#bib-Zawadzki2016)).
  
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## Reflection: Future Development Considerations

Facing the challenges of climate change, the demand for global sea level monitoring is increasing, necessitating future satellite missions to balance between **measurement precision and monitoring scope**.

It is expected that through technological innovation and international collaboration, future satellite missions will provide **higher precision sea level data** while covering a wider range of environmental indicators to support global climate change research.

Furthermore, ensuring **data continuity and accuracy** through seamless relay between satellite missions and calibration will be crucial. This may require developing new algorithms and calibration techniques to integrate data from different satellite missions.

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## References
Donlon, C. et al. (2012). The Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) Sentinel-3 mission, Remote Sensing of Environment, årg. 120, s. 37–57.

Moro, L.D. et al. (2022). Geospatial Analysis with Landsat Series and Sentinel-3B OLCI Satellites to Assess Changes in Land Use and Water Quality over Time in Brazil, Sustainability, årg. 14, nr. 15, s. 9733.

Mulero-Martinez, R. et al. (2022). The Use of Sentinel-3 Altimetry Data to Assess Wind Speed from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model: Application over the Gulf of Cadiz, Remote Sensing, årg. 14, nr. 16, s. 4036.

<a name=bib-Ogashawara2019></a>[Ogashawara, I.](#cite-Ogashawara2019)
(2019). "The Use of Sentinel-3 Imagery to Monitor Cyanobacterial
Blooms". In: _Environments_ 6.6, p. 60.

<a name=bib-Zawadzki2016></a>[Zawadzki, L. and M.
Ablain](#cite-Zawadzki2016) (2016). "Accuracy of the mean sea level
continuous record with future altimetric missions: Jason-3 vs.
Sentinel-3a". In: _Ocean Science_ 12.1, pp. 9-18.

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# Thank you!😊